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What is LL-37? LL-37, also known as CAP-18 (tensin-activated antimicrobial protein 18), is an antimicrobial peptide expressed in nearly all tissues and organs. It is produced by many cell types, including macrophages, airway epithelial cells, skin and ocular epithelial cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 1995, LL-37 has been studied in a number of ways. These studies have shown that LL-37 has anticancer effects in colon and gastric cancer. This natural peptide may also modulate the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. LL-47 has been reported to exert a protective effect in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. It has also been found to kill gram-negative bacteria through direct antimicrobial activity as well as regulation. In addition, it has been shown to promote wound closure in lung disease. LL-37 has also been shown to downregulate signaling of specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs), thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, primarily by blocking signaling in Gram-negative bacteria. The following are the functions that LL-37 has been shown to have: Re ...
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What is Kisspeptin-10? Kisspeptin-10 is an isoform of kisspeptin, the protein that controls your reproductive hormones. It performs essentially the same functions as its parent protein but has a different amino acid sequence. For instance, it has 10 amino acids compared to kisspeptin’s 145. Kisspeptin-10 is processed from Kisspeptin-54, another kisspeptin variant. Research has shown that it has a quicker onset of action than the longer kisspeptin isoform. While both isoforms have similar bioavailability, Kisspeptin-10 appears to have a shorter half-life. In clinical studies, Kisspeptin-10 was found to increase luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone in men. The peptide was also shown to stimulate gonadotropin release in women during the pre-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Kisspeptin-10 has also been shown to reactivate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in women with chronic amenorrhea, a condition characterized by missing one or more menstrual periods. The kisspeptin peptide induced a significant increase in LH and FSH levels. How Does Kisspept ...
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What is IGF-1 LR3? IGF-1, or insulin-like growth factor, is a potent growth factor found in mammalian blood. This peptide manages and regulates growth hormone (GH) levels. IGF-1 LR3 is the abbreviated form of IGF-1, which some researchers consider to be the most potent growth factor. IGF-1 LR3 is a chemically altered amino acid chain of 83 amino acids. At position 3 on the chain, Glu(E) is replaced by Arg(R), resulting in the name LR3. This substitution at position 3 prevents IGF-1 from binding to proteins, thereby extending its half-life. Possible Applications of IGF-1 LR3 Insulin-like growth factors have been extensively studied and tested clinically. Below we will highlight some potential future research implications of IGF-1 LR3, known as IGF-binding protein. Possible Promotion of Cell Division Like IGF-1, IGF-1 LR3 is a potential potent stimulator of cell proliferation and division. Its main potential effects are thought to be on connective tissues such as muscle and bone. But it may also promote cell division in kidney, liver, skin, nerve, lung, and blood tissue. Of note, studies have shown that IGF-1 LR3 and all IGF-1 derivatives do not promot ...
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HMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin) – Product Information HMG, also known as human menopausal gonadotropin, was originally formulated to help women get pregnant. It is considered a fertility drug chemical that stimulates the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (KH) in women, thereby increasing the chances of ovulation. On the other hand, the use of HMG has changed and is currently being studied for its potential effects on testosterone production in men. Ultimately, HMG can help users increase muscle mass and ultimately improve sexual health. Specific reproductive health centers can provide training on how to use HMG for female subjects. Although HMG for sale can provide the benefits listed above, we should not consider this experimental chemical a very successful drug. What is HMG？ H uman menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) is being studied experimentally as a treatment for female fertility issues. This experimental drug is excreted in the urine of postmenopausal women. It is also known as gonadotropin. It contains follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which help healthy ovaries produce eggs. ...
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What is Hexarelin? Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide that mimics ghrelin, the body’s natural gut hormone. It acts on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) to trigger the release of growth hormone . The growth hormone release resulting from hexarelin treatment can improve the body’s ability to produce collagen, repair ligaments and tendons, grow muscle fibers, reduce visceral body fat, and increase bone density . While hexarelin is a ghrelin analog, studies have found that hexarelin is a superior alternative to ghrelin therapy because of its potency and stability, particularly as a cardioprotective agent. The administration of hexarelin has also been shown to provide neuroprotective benefits such as promoting the growth of new brain cells, protecting healthy brain cells, and reducing inflammation in the brain. Hexarelin Benefits and Uses Hexarelin is frequently sought out for its marked effects on fat loss and muscle-building. Its ability to affect insulin sensitivity, energy production, and lean muscle growth makes it an attractive compound for researchers wishing to enhance the body composition of their subjects. Hexarelin for Fat Reduction ...
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What does the hCG hormone do? Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone that is primarily produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta during pregnancy. The hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. The pituitary gland, liver, and colon also produce small amounts of hCG What does hCG do for men? For men or adolescent boys, HCG helps with testosterone and sperm production. HCG is also used to treat boys with cryptorchidism, a specific testicular birth problem. All About HCG Levels During Pregnancy | What is hCG? If the hCG level is below 5 mIU/mL, it is considered not to be pregnant, and if it is above 25 mIU/mL, it is considered to be pregnant. If the hCG level is between 6 and 24 mIU/mL, it is in the gray area and you may need to retest to see if the level rises to confirm pregnancy. Are there any side effects of hCG? This medicine can cause ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which can be life-threatening. If you experience symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, severe nausea, stomach pa ...
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L-Glutathione Overview L-Glutathione, also known as GSH, is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. It is synthesized by the liver and plays a role in multiple bodily functions such as tissue regeneration, chemical and protein production, and immune system support. Glutathione acts as a powerful antioxidant, shielding cells from harm caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. It is present in various organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and archaea. Glutathione is a Powerful Antioxidant . Glutathione (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant that is found in every cell of the body. It helps stave off the impact of oxidative stress, which may, in turn, reduce the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. It can act directly as an antioxidant to protect cells against free radicals and pro-oxidants. GSH is involved in multiple cellular processes including protein folding, safeguarding protein thiols from oxidation and crosslinking, breaking down proteins with disulfide bonds, regulating cell cycle and proliferation, metabolizing ascorbate, inducing apoptosis, and promoting ferrop ...
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GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) Overview GHK-Cu, also known as copper peptide GHK-Cu, is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. It was first isolated from human plasma and has since been found in other areas of the body, such as saliva and urine. Copper peptides are naturally occurring protein fragments that have a strong attraction to copper ions and are thought to play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body. GHK-Cu has been the subject of numerous studies, which have revealed several roles and benefits in the human body. GHK-Cu and Wound Healing GHK-Cu has been shown to improve the healing of ischemic open wounds in rats, leading to faster healing. It stimulates the synthesis of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans in the skin, which are essential for wound healing. In the same study, wounds treated with GHK-Cu showed a decreased concentration of metalloproteinases 2 and 9, which are enzymes involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix during the wound healing process . GHK-Cu stimulates collagen and decorin production, which are essential for tissue regeneration and wound healing. It also increases cel ...
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What is Epitalon (Epithalon) Peptide? Epitalon , also known as Epithalon or Epithalone, is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring polypeptide called Epithalamine, which is produced in the pineal gland. This tetrapeptide, consisting of four amino acids bound together, plays a significant role in the body’s ability to combat aging and promote rejuvenation. Discovered by Russian scientists Vladimir Khavinson and Vladimir Anisimov, Epitalon has been the subject of numerous studies, primarily focusing on its potential to extend lifespan and improve health by stimulating the production of telomerase, an enzyme that aids in the maintenance and repair of telomeres. Epitalon and Telomere Length Epitalon is a synthetic peptide known for its potential to influence the aging process by affecting telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. Research has shown that Epitalon can stimulate the production of telomerase, an enzyme that plays a key role in maintaining and extending telomeres. This process is crucial because as cells divide, telomeres naturally shorten, leading to aging and eventual cell death. By promoting telomerase activity, Epitalon may help to e ...
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DSIP Research Overview Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a peptide with a molecular weight of 850 daltons. It has the amino acid motif: N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C. DSIP plays various roles, such as endocrine regulation, disease and medicine, and sleep induction. However, the connection between DSIP and sleep is not fully understood due to the lack of isolation of the DSIP gene, protein, and potential receptor. Research has been conducted on the effectiveness of DSIP in treating insomnia, pain, and withdrawal. DSIP has shown the ability to counteract opiate receptors, leading to a significant reduction in opioid and alcohol dependence. Clinical trials are currently underway to explore its potential in treating withdrawal syndrome. Additionally, DSIP has been found to alleviate narcolepsy and restore disrupted sleep patterns in certain studies DSIP Structure delta Sleep-indu c ing peptide phosphate 70754-23-3 (2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-pho ...
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Uses: Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 can promote the secretion of growth hormone, regulate food intake, increase body weight and promote animal growth. Product Description Hexapeptide-2 reduces the production and distribution of melanin to keratinocytes, brightens the skin, fights dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and evens out skin tone. Plus, it reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Hexapeptide-2 is a safe and useful ingredient for after-sun repair, skin lightening and anti-aging skin care applications. It can be used in whitening cream, skin color balance and brightening products.Hexapeptide-2 can reduce the aging level of cells by inhibiting the activity of β-galactosidase, such as the reduction of collagen synthesis. Therefore, hexapeptide-2 also has anti-aging and anti-wrinkle effects. About us ...
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Overview : Cagrilintide is a synthetic amylin analog specifically designed for advanced preclinical research studies focused on metabolic disorders and glucose regulation . This peptide provides researchers with a valuable tool to study amylin’s role in glucose homeostasis and appetite regulation , offering important insights into metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity . Product Specifications : Purity : >99% (HPLC verified) Formulation : Lyophilized powder, optimized for reconstitution Molecular Formula : C₁₉₄H₃₁₂N₅₄O₅₉S₂ Molecular Weight : ~4500 g/mol CAS Number : 1415456-99-3 PubChem CID : 167312356 Research Applications : Cagrilintide is widely utilized in preclinical research models investigating the following areas: Amylin and Blood Glucose Regulation : Investigating how amylin affects glucose homeostasis in r ...
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Key Benefits of BPC-157: Accelerated Healing: BPC-157 has demonstrated remarkable properties in accelerating the healing of various tissues, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, and even the gastrointestinal tract. This makes it a potential asset for individuals recovering from injuries or surgeries. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The peptide exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce inflammation in different parts of the body. This anti-inflammatory effect can contribute to pain relief and improved mobility in individuals with conditions such as arthritis or sports-related injuries. Joint Health: Studies suggest that BPC-157 may play a role in supporting joint health by promoting the repair and regeneration of connective tissues. This can be particularly beneficial for athletes and those with joint-related issues. Gastrointestinal Support: BPC-157 has been researched extensively for its positive effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It may aid in the healing of ulcers, improve gut integrity, and support overall digestive health. Neuroprotective Properties: Some studies suggest that BPC-157 may have neuroprotective effects, potentia ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide ARA-290 Research ARA-290 is a variant of erythropoietin, engineered to selectively interact with the innate repair receptor. This peptide has been shown to decrease inflammatory pathways and promote tissue protection without the hematopoietic effects associated with erythropoietin. Research indicates that ARA-290 can help reduce HbA1c levels, improve cholesterol profiles, modulate neuropathic pain, and stimulate wound repair. ARA-290 and Tissue Repair ARA-290’s interaction with the innate repair receptor facilitates tissue protection and repair by antagonizing inflammatory processes. This action has been observed in preclinical models of neuropathy, where ARA-290 reduced allodynia and promoted healing. These properties make it a promising candidate for further research into therapies targeting tissue damage and inflammation . ARA-290 and Metabolic Control Studies have demonstrated that ARA-290 can improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a clinical trial, subjects receiving ARA-290 showed signific ...
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AICAR Peptide AICAR or 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, is a synthetic adenosine monophosphate analog. It was developed to stimulate the AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity.[1,2] It is currently being investigated as a protective agent against ischemic damage in the cardiac myocytes during cardiac injury. The AMP-activated protein kinase is an enzyme and a protein that may play a regulatory role in several metabolic pathways. Its expression has been observed in several tissues, including the skeletal muscles, liver, and brain. In all these tissues, it is considered to exert a potential net effect on lipogenesis and may inhibit cholesterol synthesis and ketogenesis. It may also modulate insulin secretion and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation with glucose uptake. Several energy deficit states may trigger the release of AMPK, like hypoxia or hypoglycemia. AICAR Research AICAR AND THE HEART AICAR has been researched for its potential two-way protective role in protecting the heart from the ischemia associated with CVD. Inflammation is considered to be a significant contributor to the disease pathology in atherosclerosis and other he ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Semax is known to stimulate neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system, namely Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). It further appears to impact serotonin, dopamine, and enkephalin signaling. Notable Studies: · Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone · The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke · Synthetic ACTH analog Semax displays nootropic‐like activity in humans What is Semax? Semax is a synthetic peptide that was first developed by Russian researchers in the 1980s. It is authorized in Russia and Ukraine for indications including ischemic brain stroke, encephalopathy, optic nerve atrophy, and cognitive disorders such as dementia. Research suggests that Semax may offer potential benefits to patients suffering from a variety of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Semax is ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Selank acts on the central nervous system by influencing the levels and activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which can result in anxiolytic effects, mood improvement, and cognitive enhancement. The peptide also interacts with the immune system by influencing gene expression and modulating cytokine balance. Notable Studies: · Semax and Selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum · Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission · Immunomodulatory effects of Selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders What is Selank? Selank is a synthetic analog of tuftsin, an endogenous tetrapeptide that plays a role in regulating the immune system. Some researchers informally classify Selank as a nootropic—a compound that can enhance cognitive function, improve memory, and increase mental clarity. Selank was developed in the early 1990s at the Russian Academy of Sciences and has primarily been studied ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: GHK-Cu is said to stimulate the synthesis and breakdown of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, as well as modulating the activity of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. It is also believed to stimulate dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and decorin, and acts to attract immune and endothelial cells to sites of injury. Notable Studies: · A synthetic tripeptide which increases survival of normal liver cells, and stimulates growth in hepatoma cells · Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data · GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health What is GHK-Cu? GHK-Cu is a human copper-binding peptide proven to confer a host of benefits related to healing, tissue regeneration, and skin, hair, and nail health. GHK was first discovered in 1973 by the noted peptide researcher Dr. Loren Pickart. He found that aged liver cells, when inoculated with blood from young people, were able to begin regenerating . Eventually, it was discovered t ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: PT-141 is an agonist of the melanocortin receptors, with high affinity for MC4R, the stimulation of which increases sexual desire and causes sexual arousal in both men and women Notable Studies: · PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction · Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study · Bremelanotide: new drug approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder What is PT-141? PT-141, also known as bremelanotide , is an FDA-approved treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women . It is a modified synthetic derivative of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a peptide of the melanocortin family that regulates skin pigmentation, feeding behavior, and sexual activity, among its other functions. Back in the 1960s, researchers found that α-MSH caused caused sexual arousal when administered to rats, which eventually led to the development of α-MSH analogues like PT-141, melanotan ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: While the precise mechanism of action of MOTS-c is currently under investigation, it is hypothesized that its metabolic effects are mediated through its translocation to the nucleus and subsequent activation of AMPK. Notable Studies: · MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction. · The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. · MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders. Metabolites. What is MOTS-c? MOTS-c , is a mitochondrial-derived peptide, consisting of 16 residues encoded by the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome. This means that the genetic information that is translated into the peptide’s amino acid sequence has not been processed into a strip of mRNA. Rather, the peptide is translated from a strand of rRNA whose main role is not to carry genetic information but to help ribosomes work in processing such information. MOTS-cwas discovered in 2015 and has ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Retatrutide is a triple receptor agonist that targets the receptors of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon hormones. By combining the effects of native GIP and GLP-1 with glucagon receptor activation, it exerts a broad appetite-suppressing and metabolic impact. Researchers suggest that this triple mechanism may offer more effective glycemic control and weight loss compared to other incretin-based therapies. Notable Studies: · Is retatrutide (LY3437943), a GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist a step forward in the treatment of diabetes and obesity? · Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA - The Lancet · Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial | New England Journal of Medicine What is Retatrutide? Retatrutide, a synthetic peptide created by Eli Lilly, is also known by its development code LY3437943. This peptide acts as a triple ...
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What Is Compounded Semaglutide? Compounded semaglutide is a form of the diabetes medication semaglutide that is custom-prepared by compounding pharmacies. This service has become especially important due to frequent shortages of GLP-1 medications, including well-known brands like Wegovy®, Ozempic®, and Rybelsus®. Such shortages are often caused by manufacturing delays, rising demand and disruptions in the supply chain, leaving many patients without essential treatment. Compounded semaglutide offers a reliable alternative when these name-brand medications are not available. With state-of-the-art 503A and 503B facilities, Olympia Pharmaceuticals can tailor patient-specific prescriptions and office-use preparations of GLP-1 medications. Our adherence to stringent national and state regulations ensures that healthcare providers and their patients can maintain uninterrupted treatment. What Is Compounded Semaglutide Prescribed For? Semaglutide is primarily prescribed for adults with type 2 diabetes to improve blood glucose control. Additionally, it may be used for weight management in individuals who are either overweight or obese and have at least one weight-relate ...
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Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Melanotan II is an agonist of melanocortin receptors 1 and 4 (MC-1R and MC-4R), which respectively regulate melanin production and male erectile function. It is also believed to stimulate MC-3R, which affects appetite and energy levels. Notable Studies: · Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study · Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan 2 · An unhealthy glow? A review of Melanotan use and associated clinical outcomes What is Melanotan 2? Melanotan 2 is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The molecule was first developed in the 1980s by University of Arizona researchers, who were looking to clarify the nature and role of the melanocortin receptors in physiological functions. Namely, the peptide was intended to be used as a sunless tanning agent, but was subsequently found to strongly affect sexual function and appetite . Melanotan 2 ( ...
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Class of Compound Peptide Mechanism of Action Melanotan I is an agonist of melanocortin receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5, binding primarily to melanocortin receptor 1 to trigger melanin production. Notable Studies Increased eumelanin expression and tanning is induced by a superpotent melanotropin [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH in humans Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers A phase II, randomised, open label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosage regimens of subcutaneous bioresorbable afamelanotide implants in patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris What is Melanotan I? Melanotan is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, or α-MSH for short. α-MSH is one of a number of melanocortin peptide hormones in the body. Melanotan is typically injected or administered as an implant and binds to melanocortin receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5. There are two types of melanotan molecules: melanotan I and melanotan II. They have both been linked to increased melanin production and increased tanning of the skin. While there i ...
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