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What is AICAR? AICAR, also known as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide nucleoside, is an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist. AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide nucleoside) is endogenously produced from intermediates in the purine biosynthetic pathway. In human athletes, urine [AICAR] correlates with sex (male > female), season of exercise (in-competition > out-of-competition), and sport (weightlifting > football). Plasma AICAR is hypothesized to increase with exercise. An LC-MS-MS method was developed to quantify AICAR in plasma collected from racehorses immediately before and after racing. After racing, plasma AICAR levels were elevated in the majority of horses, independent of age, sex, or performance in the group. After intravenous administration of AICAR, mean arterial blood pressure decreased dramatically despite compensatory increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Exercise-induced increases in AICAR may promote vasodilation. This research was supported by the Horse Racing Drug and Testing Alliance, the Pennsylvania Horse Racing Commission, the Pennsylvania Harness Riders Association, the Meadows Standardbred Owners Association, and the Pennsylvania Riders Benevolent and Protective Assoc ...
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Nolvadex (Tamoxifen Citrate) A concern about anabolic steroid use is the resulting suppression of natural testosterone production. During an anabolic steroid cycle itself, this suppression is unavoidable and isn’t necessarily a problem. However, extended post-cycle suppression results in loss of gains and can result in adverse side effects such as depression and loss of libido. In contrast, where recovery of natural testosterone production is rapid, adverse effects on mood or libido can be reduced or eliminated, and retention of gains can be excellent. Post-cycle therapy (PCT) with Nolvadex was introduced specifically to enable faster recovery. To understand how Nolvadex can speed recovery, it’s important to understand how inhibition occurs, and how it may be reversed by a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) such as Nolvadex. Testosterone production is regulated in a chain process. The testes produce testosterone according to the amount of LH the pituitary produces. The pituitary produces LH according to the amount of LHRH the hypothalamus produces, as well as other factors. And the hypothalamus produces LHRH according to the current amount of estrogen ...
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Femara (Letrozole) There are two entirely different stories to be found on the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. In medical studies measuring blood estradiol and testosterone levels of hundreds of individuals, letrozole is a very consistent-performing drug with almost no unusual behavior. The only unusual behavior to be found in scientific literature is in a very early publication by the pharmaceutical manufacturer which made it appear unbelievably potent, but left out many details. All other studies have shown rather ordinary and consistent potency. My own findings over more than 10 years have matched up with these results. The other story will be that even trace doses of letrozole will “obliterate” estrogen and that it’s very tricky to use for this reason. Obviously, if that’s your personal experience using a given letrozole product, go by your experience. If however you are new to letrozole or have used it successfully before, then I recommend that you consider it no greater in dosing difficulty than any other aromatase inhibitor (AI), as this is my experience with very many individuals. ...
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Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate) Along with Nolvadex, Clomid is one of the two principal SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) used for enhanced recovery of testosterone production after anabolic steroid cycles . To understand how Clomid can aid this process, let’s look at how natural testosterone production is regulated. Testosterone production is regulated by a feedback loop which senses not only testosterone or other androgen levels, but also estrogen levels. This feedback loop includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the testes (often referred to as the HPTA, or hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.) When the hypothalamus senses low estrogen levels and does not sense high androgen levels, it’s stimulated to signal the pituitary by producing more LHRH, which stands for LH releasing hormone. On receiving this signal, the pituitary produces more LH (luteinizing hormone) which in turn signals the testes to produce more testosterone. During an anabolic steroid cycle, high androgen levels shut this process down entirely. If this is for only a relatively short period such as 8 week ...
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Aromasin (Exemestane) Control of estrogen levels is often necessary in anabolic steroids, due to aromatization of steroids such as testosterone, Dianabol, nandrolone (Deca), or boldenone (Equipoise.) In the aromatization process, the aromatase enzyme converts these androgens to estrogen. If this conversion is excessive, bloat, depression, loss of libido, impaired fat loss, or even gynecomastia can occur. An aromatase inhibitor (AI) is an effective way to solve this problem. In contrast to Arimidex and letrozole which work by reversibly blocking access to the aromatase enzyme, Aromasin actually inactives individual enzyme molecules when it binds to them. There is really neither advantage nor disadvantage to this different mode of action. As with all aromatase inhibitors, Aromasin should be dosed to achieve optimal estradiol levels, not the lowest possible levels. When dosed correctly and achieving the same estradiol levels, it doesn’t make a difference what inhibition mechanism was used. How then to choose between aromatase inhibitors? The relevant factors really are only previous experience if any, availability, cost, convenienc ...
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Arimidex (Anastrozole） Arimidex (anastrozole) was the first selective aromatase inhibitor used in bodybuilding, and is still the most popular estrogen control drug. It’s commonly available in both tablet and liquid form for oral use. Dosing is typically 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg at a time, at a frequency of once per day or per two days. Estradiol, the most potent form of estrogen, is produced in the body by aromatization of testosterone. This occurs via the aromatase enzyme. Because certain levels of estradiol are needed for men, some conversion of testosterone to estradiol is required. However, in two circumstances effective aromatase inhibition can give important benefits. First, when an anabolic steroid cycle causes very aromatizable steroid levels and there is no control of the aromatase enzyme, conversion to estradiol becomes excessive. The resulting high estradiol can cause gynecomastia, water retention, depression, and/or loss of libido. It may also make it difficult to maintain a lean condition. And second, some men have excessive estradiol levels even when not on an anabolic steroid cycle. This will act to decrease their natural testoste ...
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