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What is AICAR? AICAR, also known as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide nucleoside, is an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist. AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide nucleoside) is endogenously produced from intermediates in the purine biosynthetic pathway. In human athletes, urine [AICAR] correlates with sex (male > female), season of exercise (in-competition > out-of-competition), and sport (weightlifting > football). Plasma AICAR is hypothesized to increase with exercise. An LC-MS-MS method was developed to quantify AICAR in plasma collected from racehorses immediately before and after racing. After racing, plasma AICAR levels were elevated in the majority of horses, independent of age, sex, or performance in the group. After intravenous administration of AICAR, mean arterial blood pressure decreased dramatically despite compensatory increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Exercise-induced increases in AICAR may promote vasodilation. This research was supported by the Horse Racing Drug and Testing Alliance, the Pennsylvania Horse Racing Commission, the Pennsylvania Harness Riders Association, the Meadows Standardbred Owners Association, and the Pennsylvania Riders Benevolent and Protective Assoc ...
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Winstrol Depot (Stanozolol) Winstrol Depot (stanozolol injectable) is an anabolic steroid with interesting properties. It generally is not used as the foundation of an anabolic steroid cycle, and is not necessary for most cycles. Still, however, it has benefits in certain situations. Winstrol Depot and Liver Toxicity Winstrol differs from nearly all other injectables in being 17-alkylated, a property more typically associated with oral anabolic steroids. This results in liver toxicity not usually associated with injectables. Further, in terms of liver toxicity Winstrol may be more potent (have more effect per milligram) than most other alkylated steroids: for this reason I prefer for the injected amount to be limited to 50 mg/day, and period of use to be limited to 6 – 8 weeks. Winstrol Depot and Joints and Tendons Additionally, Winstrol may be more prone than other anabolic steroids to increasing tendon brittleness. I am not so concerned about this as to consider it a reason to never use Winstrol at all, but it is reason to limit the total weeks of use per year. I don’t have any firm guideline on that, but for example I consider six weeks of use twice per ye ...
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Trenbolone Acetate by Bill Roberts – Among the synthetic injectable anabolic steroids – compounds other than testosterone, the natural product – trenbolone is perhaps the most remarkable. Of them, it is certainly the most remarkable for mass gain, strength gain, and contest preparation. Trenbolone Side Effects To some extent, there is a price in side effects to be paid for this, but not nearly to the extent that many imagine. While a few find trenbolone problematic for reasons of increased aggressive tendency, night sweats, or reduced aerobic performance, most find these side effects slight and easily managed, or non-existent for them personally. Avoid Trenbolone-Only Cycles Trenbolone, whether as the acetate (Finaplix, Finajet), enanthate, or cyclohexylmethylcarbonate (Parabolan), should not be used as the sole anabolic in a steroid cycle. Mass gains are greatly limited when this is done. Instead, trenbolone should be stacked with Dianabol, Anadrol, or testosterone as the most common and highly suitable choices. Trenbolone and Suppressed Estradiol Production A second reason is that estradiol levels fall too l ...
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Testosterone Profile Testosterone, as the natural product drug and one of the most widely used anabolic steroids, is the most convenient choice for a reference drug to which all others will be compared. And while it is entirely possible to construct maximally-effective steroid cycles without employing testosterone, most do not do this, but instead use testosterone as their foundation. Either approach can be entirely sound. As a bodybuilding drug, testosterone is almost always used as an injectable ester, due to poor oral bioavailability and the impracticality of high dose transdermal or sublingual delivery. Testosterone also is provided as an injectable suspension. Discussion here is in reference to these injectable preparations. Pharmacologically, testosterone acts both via the androgen receptor and via other means. In practice, it is found to combine synergistically both with those anabolic steroids categorized as Class I and those categorized as Class II, and therefore is described as having mixed activity. Particular properties of testosterone that are of note include that it converts enzymatically both to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and t ...
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Sustanon 250 Testosterone is the most important and popular anabolic steroid, and Sustanon 250 is the best-known form of injectable testosterone. It has become so popular for anabolic steroid cycles that the name now extends past the Schering brand and is often given to any steroid preparation made to the same formulation. Sustanon 250 Contains Four Testosterone Esters Sustanon 250 contains, per mL, short-acting testosterone propionate, 60 mg of testosterone phenylpropionate, 60 mg of testosterone isocaproate, and 100 mg of testosterone decanoate. The first, testosterone propionate, is short-acting and gives Sustanon a quick onset of action in a steroid cycle. The other esters are medium to long-acting. Sustanon 250 Side Effects Side effects of Sustanon are, for the same amount of testosterone, identical to other testosterone esters such as testosterone enanthate. The principal reasons to choose between Sustanon and testosterone enanthate are price and availability. Quality of results in the steroid cycle will not be affected by the decision. Sustanon 250 Dosages 250mg per Week At a usage level of 25 ...
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Primobolan Depot (Methenolone Enanthate) by Bill Roberts – Primobolan Depot (methonolone enanthate) is often of interest to beginning steroid users and sometimes to experienced users. The first question to consider is really not pharmacological but one of economics. Usually for any given level of effect, Primobolan is an unusually expensive choice. And for most users, there is no unique benefit gained from its use. Accordingly, most experienced steroid users do not include it in their steroid cycle planning. Primobolan Depot Not a “Weak” Steroid That said, contrary to common opinion, Primobolan really is not a weak steroid, at least not on a milligram for milligram basis. It certainly is not weak in terms of anabolic effect versus side effects. It is a good performer in these regards. However, because the oil solubility of methenolone enanthate is only moderate, preparations are typically of only 100 mg/mL. This can give a psychological impression of not being as strong a compound as more concentrated products. Another likely reason for perceived weakness is that it is most often used for anabolic steroid cycles which deliberately are very conservative. F ...
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Oral Turinabol Oral-Turinabol (dehydrochloromethyltestosterone) is an oral anabolic steroid which is interesting principally for reasons other than its unexceptional performance. It can however meet some specific needs. What Is Oral-Turinabol? Oral Turinabol is, to some extent, enigmatic and prone to misunderstanding. It is not simply a tablet version of injectable Turinabol, or an alkylated version of it. Nor, despite claims, is it an anabolic steroid developed specifically for doping. That claim results from confusion with mestanolone. Structurally, it is Dianabol with an added chlorine at the -4 position, which has the predictable advantage of preventing aromatization. Caution must be taken however when trying to arrive at conclusions about anabolic steroids from structure. Substituting an atom or chemical bond makes large changes to the entire shape rather than affecting only a single point. This can result in changes in properties beyond the predictable. An example would be if one tried to predict the properties of Dianabol from its structural relation to boldenone (they are the same except for the 19-methylation of Dianabol.) While the methy ...
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Masteron (Drostanolone Propionate) by Bill Roberts – Masteron (dromostanolone propionate, also known as drostanolone propionate) after a long period of time as a rare drug is now enjoying greater popularity, and deservedly so. Where one does not wish to use a large amount of injectable testosterone and wishes to use either no trenbolone or only a modest amount of that drug, Masteron is often an ideal choice for inclusion in a steroid stack, or in some cases for use as the sole injectable for a steroid cycle. Masteron Side Effects Masteron undergoes no aromatization (conversion to estrogen), no conversion to DHT or potentiation by the 5-AR enzyme, and as an unalkylated steroid it poses no liver issues. In these regards and also in overall side effects, Masteron is best compared with Primobolan Depot. In terms of positive effects in an anabolic steroid cycle, Masteron is at least as effective as Primobolan per milligram for mass gain and for fat loss, and appears better for hardening. Masteron as an Anti-Estrogen Dromostanolone has some reputation for anti-estrogenic activity, but in actuality this effect is fairl ...
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Equipoise (Boldenone Undecylenate) Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate) is historically a veterinary steroid but for some time has been available as an UGL human preparation as well. In the past, the principal reason for Equipoise’s use was it’s easy availability as a Mexican veterinary product. Presently, for the most part there is little specific reason to use Equipoise in an anabolic steroid cycle. There is nothing that it does anabolically that Masteron, Primobolan, Deca, or trenbolone will not do. In terms of side effects, likewise it has no advantage over Masteron or Primobolan, unless one desires the occasional side effect of increased appetite, or the side effect of its moderate conversion to estrogen. This can be useful if no other aromatizing steroid is being used. Effectiveness of Equipoise This is not intended to disparage the compound: it certainly can be put to good use in a steroid cycle. Its potency (effect per milligram) is comparable to most other injectable steroids, though less than that of trenbolone, and so for example addition of 400 mg/week is a substantial boost to most cycles. Alternately, if substituting boldenone for another injectable this can be d ...
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Dianabol (Methandrostenolone) by Bill Roberts – Dianabol (methandrostenolone, methandienone) has been one of the most important anabolic steroids in bodybuilding ever since its introduction in 1958. Also commonly known as “Dbol”, this oral compound is best used for steroid cycles in combination with injectable steroids, but can be of value used alone as well. Stacking Dianabol with Injectable Steroids The effect of most injectable anabolic steroids is greatly enhanced by addition of Dianabol. The improvement is greater than from simply increasing the amount of injectable by the same amount. A classic and dramatic example is trenbolone. Though the total amount of steroid used is the same in all three cases, 50 mg/day each of trenbolone acetate stacked with 50 mg/day Dianabol provides a far more effective steroid cycle than either 100 mg/day of trenbolone acetate alone or 100 mg/day Dbol alone. The side effect profile is superior as well. In other words, the compounds act synergistically: the whole is greater than the parts. This is likely due to differing mechanisms of action. Dianabol and Testosterone Stack All injectables stack well with Diana ...
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Deca Durabolin (Nandrolone Decanoate) Deca, also known as Deca Durabolin or nandrolone decanoate, is perhaps the second-best known injectable anabolic steroid after testosterone. It seems that almost every steroid novice and many who are experienced with steroid cycles believe that for best results they may need to include Deca. However, in fact this compound has no special anabolic properties: other injectable steroids can do everything for muscle growth that Deca can. Popularity of Deca Durabolin The unusual properties of Deca Durabolin are due to its parent steroid, nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone. One of the principal positive qualities of nandrolone is that it has relatively low conversion to estrogen compared to testosterone. In earlier years, testosterone and nandrolone were the only pharmaceutical injectables that were both widely available to bodybuilders and economical. Estrogen control did not then exist. For this reason, Deca’s low aromatizing properties were then quite useful. Deca therefore won wide popularity. Deca Durabolin Effects on Hair and Skin An additional advantage of Deca Durabolin (nandrolone) is that this compound is ...
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Anavar (Oxandrolone) Anavar (oxandrolone), unlike most oral compounds is categorized as a Class I anabolic steroid, most efficiently stacked with Class II compounds such as Dianabol or Anadrol. It adds little if anything to high-dose use of Class I anabolic steroids such as trenbolone, or to high-dose testosterone, which is classified as having mixed activity. It can be an aid, albeit an expensive one, to moderate dose testosterone usage. Anavar has often been called a weak steroid. Part of the reason for this is that use of a Class I steroid alone never is maximally effective. The other cause is that bodybuilders and authors in the field sometimes make unfortunate and unreasonable comparisons when judging anabolic steroids. If say 8 tablets per day does little, then a drug is pronounced useless or weak. And traditionally, oxandrolone was available in 2.5 mg Anavar tablets, proving only 20 mg daily with such usage, which totals to only 140 mg/week. For comparison, testosterone at that dose also gives little results. Indeed, few anabolic steroids give dramatic results at that dose, but they are not called weak on that account. The proper conclusion is that such A ...
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Anadrol (Oxymetholone) Anadrol (oxymetholone) is most likely second only to Dianabol (methandrostenolone) as a bodybuilding anabolic steroid. Additionally, it has had considerable medical importance particularly for treatment of anemia, and more recently to help maintain lean body mass in HIV-compromised patients. While many have the subjective opinion that Anadrol is a harsh drug in terms of side effects, medical findings and the findings of many athletes are quite different. Stacking Anadrol with Other Steroids An interesting further question concerns combination of Anadrol with other anabolic steroids. For exmaple, adding Anadrol to 50 mg/day of Dianabol gives little added benefit to a steroid cycle; in contrast, adding Anadrol to 50-100 mg/day trenbolone acetate or 60-80 mg/day Anavar (oxandrolone) gives dramatic improvement. In this its stacking behavior is similar to that of Dianabol, but not to that of trenbolone. Likely this is because unlike trenbolone, oxymetholone does not bind strongly to the androgen receptor, and most of its anabolic effect is likely not genomically mediated via the AR. Anadrol Side Effects With regard to harsh side effects s ...
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Nolvadex (Tamoxifen Citrate) A concern about anabolic steroid use is the resulting suppression of natural testosterone production. During an anabolic steroid cycle itself, this suppression is unavoidable and isn’t necessarily a problem. However, extended post-cycle suppression results in loss of gains and can result in adverse side effects such as depression and loss of libido. In contrast, where recovery of natural testosterone production is rapid, adverse effects on mood or libido can be reduced or eliminated, and retention of gains can be excellent. Post-cycle therapy (PCT) with Nolvadex was introduced specifically to enable faster recovery. To understand how Nolvadex can speed recovery, it’s important to understand how inhibition occurs, and how it may be reversed by a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) such as Nolvadex. Testosterone production is regulated in a chain process. The testes produce testosterone according to the amount of LH the pituitary produces. The pituitary produces LH according to the amount of LHRH the hypothalamus produces, as well as other factors. And the hypothalamus produces LHRH according to the current amount of estrogen ...
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Femara (Letrozole) There are two entirely different stories to be found on the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. In medical studies measuring blood estradiol and testosterone levels of hundreds of individuals, letrozole is a very consistent-performing drug with almost no unusual behavior. The only unusual behavior to be found in scientific literature is in a very early publication by the pharmaceutical manufacturer which made it appear unbelievably potent, but left out many details. All other studies have shown rather ordinary and consistent potency. My own findings over more than 10 years have matched up with these results. The other story will be that even trace doses of letrozole will “obliterate” estrogen and that it’s very tricky to use for this reason. Obviously, if that’s your personal experience using a given letrozole product, go by your experience. If however you are new to letrozole or have used it successfully before, then I recommend that you consider it no greater in dosing difficulty than any other aromatase inhibitor (AI), as this is my experience with very many individuals. ...
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Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate) Along with Nolvadex, Clomid is one of the two principal SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) used for enhanced recovery of testosterone production after anabolic steroid cycles . To understand how Clomid can aid this process, let’s look at how natural testosterone production is regulated. Testosterone production is regulated by a feedback loop which senses not only testosterone or other androgen levels, but also estrogen levels. This feedback loop includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the testes (often referred to as the HPTA, or hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.) When the hypothalamus senses low estrogen levels and does not sense high androgen levels, it’s stimulated to signal the pituitary by producing more LHRH, which stands for LH releasing hormone. On receiving this signal, the pituitary produces more LH (luteinizing hormone) which in turn signals the testes to produce more testosterone. During an anabolic steroid cycle, high androgen levels shut this process down entirely. If this is for only a relatively short period such as 8 week ...
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Aromasin (Exemestane) Control of estrogen levels is often necessary in anabolic steroids, due to aromatization of steroids such as testosterone, Dianabol, nandrolone (Deca), or boldenone (Equipoise.) In the aromatization process, the aromatase enzyme converts these androgens to estrogen. If this conversion is excessive, bloat, depression, loss of libido, impaired fat loss, or even gynecomastia can occur. An aromatase inhibitor (AI) is an effective way to solve this problem. In contrast to Arimidex and letrozole which work by reversibly blocking access to the aromatase enzyme, Aromasin actually inactives individual enzyme molecules when it binds to them. There is really neither advantage nor disadvantage to this different mode of action. As with all aromatase inhibitors, Aromasin should be dosed to achieve optimal estradiol levels, not the lowest possible levels. When dosed correctly and achieving the same estradiol levels, it doesn’t make a difference what inhibition mechanism was used. How then to choose between aromatase inhibitors? The relevant factors really are only previous experience if any, availability, cost, convenienc ...
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Arimidex (Anastrozole） Arimidex (anastrozole) was the first selective aromatase inhibitor used in bodybuilding, and is still the most popular estrogen control drug. It’s commonly available in both tablet and liquid form for oral use. Dosing is typically 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg at a time, at a frequency of once per day or per two days. Estradiol, the most potent form of estrogen, is produced in the body by aromatization of testosterone. This occurs via the aromatase enzyme. Because certain levels of estradiol are needed for men, some conversion of testosterone to estradiol is required. However, in two circumstances effective aromatase inhibition can give important benefits. First, when an anabolic steroid cycle causes very aromatizable steroid levels and there is no control of the aromatase enzyme, conversion to estradiol becomes excessive. The resulting high estradiol can cause gynecomastia, water retention, depression, and/or loss of libido. It may also make it difficult to maintain a lean condition. And second, some men have excessive estradiol levels even when not on an anabolic steroid cycle. This will act to decrease their natural testoste ...
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Description Hair loss occurs in a large proportion of the adult population and increases with age. Both men and women can experience hair loss, but it is more common in men. In the West, an estimated 50% of men will experience noticeable hair loss before the age of 50. The most common form of hair loss in men is androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness). Most hair loss is due to follicular inactivation, which means that the follicles stop growing hair. Literature also suggests that with aging, the fat layer of the scalp thins, leading to the inactivation of stem cells that regulate hair growth, which can lead to hair loss. Zinc deficiency can also lead to hair loss. Thymosin is a nonapeptide from the thymus gland. Zinc and thymosin are two natural compounds involved in hair follicle growth that have been found to promote hair growth. Early reports of thymus extracts stimulating hair growth were published in 1986 and 2000. Conclusive studies on the activity of thymosin on hair follicles were recently published by Meier et al., where in vitro studies investigated several thymosin peptides and showed that thymosin can prolong the anagen phase. However, both the biological activity of the thymus gland and se ...
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What is Thymosin Alpha 1? Thymosin Alpha 1, also known as TA1, is a 28 amino acid peptide. It is naturally produced and isolated from the human thymus, a small gland that makes and trains immune cells (T-cells). The T-cells help your immune system fight disease and infection. Thymosin Alpha 1 was first isolated from the calf thymus in 1977. Since then, two additional methods have been developed to extract this peptide from its source. These include solid-state synthesis (the popular method) and genetic engineering processes. Like the source (thymus) from which it is isolated, TA1 possesses the ability to enhance, restore and modify your immune response. It has also shown promise in various clinical applications, including viral, fungal, and bacterial infectious diseases and cancer. Recent research has indicated that TA1 might be used for the treatment of severe sepsis. The peptide has also been reported to prevent invasive infections in bone-marrow transplanted patients. In clinical studies, it has displayed promise as a vaccine adjuvant. How does Thymosin Alpha 1 Work? Thymosin Alpha 1 has a dual mechanism of action: Immune Modulating Effect Thymosin Alpha ...
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What is Tesamorelin? Tesamorelin is a stabilized synthetic analogue of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH),not specifically from the hypothalamus, used for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-patients with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is a metabolic condition often associated with insulin resistance, fat redistribution, and hyperlipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. Mechanism of Action Tesamorelin works by mimicking the natural Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, stimulating the pituitary gland to release more growth hormone. This increase in growth hormone leads to various metabolic effects, majorly the reduction of excess abdominal fat, and helps improve body composition. By binding to GHRH, Tesamorelin causes a series of physiological reactions that result in a reduction of visceral fat in the abdominal area. Potential Benefits of Tesamorelin The following are the benefits of Tesamorelin: Fat loss and improvement in body composition: One of the well-known benefits of tesamorelin is the visceral fat reduction. Research shows that tesamorelin may help in the reduction of excess abdominal fat and also help improve the body composit ...
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What is Tesamorelin? Tesamorelin is a stabilized synthetic analogue of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH),not specifically from the hypothalamus, used for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-patients with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is a metabolic condition often associated with insulin resistance, fat redistribution, and hyperlipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. Mechanism of Action Tesamorelin works by mimicking the natural Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, stimulating the pituitary gland to release more growth hormone. This increase in growth hormone leads to various metabolic effects, majorly the reduction of excess abdominal fat, and helps improve body composition. By binding to GHRH, Tesamorelin causes a series of physiological reactions that result in a reduction of visceral fat in the abdominal area. Potential Benefits of Tesamorelin The following are the benefits of Tesamorelin: Fat loss and improvement in body composition: One of the well-known benefits of tesamorelin is the visceral fat reduction. Research shows that tesamorelin may help in the reduction of excess abdominal fat and also help improve the body composit ...
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What is Tesamorelin? Tesamorelin is a stabilized synthetic analogue of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH),not specifically from the hypothalamus, used for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-patients with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is a metabolic condition often associated with insulin resistance, fat redistribution, and hyperlipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. Mechanism of Action Tesamorelin works by mimicking the natural Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, stimulating the pituitary gland to release more growth hormone. This increase in growth hormone leads to various metabolic effects, majorly the reduction of excess abdominal fat, and helps improve body composition. By binding to GHRH, Tesamorelin causes a series of physiological reactions that result in a reduction of visceral fat in the abdominal area. Potential Benefits of Tesamorelin The following are the benefits of Tesamorelin: Fat loss and improvement in body composition: One of the well-known benefits of tesamorelin is the visceral fat reduction. Research shows that tesamorelin may help in the reduction of excess abdominal fat and also help improve the body composit ...
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What is Survodutide? Survodutide 10MG is a research compound studied for potential benefits in obesity and glucose management. Similar to Mazdutide and Retatrutide, Survodutide shows high efficacy. Researchers hypothesize that, when combined with proper diet and exercise, it might significantly enhance obesity reduction. Additionally, studies explore its effects on metabolic regulation and cardiovascular health. How Does Survodutide Work? Survodutide stands out in obesity research due to its multifaceted mechanisms of action: Multi-Receptor Agonist: Survodutide targets multiple receptors involved in regulating metabolism. This action slows gastric emptying, reduces postprandial glucose levels, and promotes satiety. Consequently, it leads to decreased food intake and improved energy balance. Enhancing Satiety: By acting on the brain’s satiety centers, Survodutide helps reduce appetite and prolong feelings of fullness. This reduction in caloric intake supports efforts in obesity reduction. Glucose Optimization: Survodutide aids in better glucose regulation by slowing gastric emptying and modulating insulin and glucagon release. This dual action results in improved glycemic control, beneficial ...
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