中文版 
Spain 
Arabic
Russian
Korean
Thai
vietnamese
Persian
Deutsch
Türkce
日本語
AICAR Peptide AICAR or 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, is a synthetic adenosine monophosphate analog. It was developed to stimulate the AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity.[1,2] It is currently being investigated as a protective agent against ischemic damage in the cardiac myocytes during cardiac injury. The AMP-activated protein kinase is an enzyme and a protein that may play a regulatory role in several metabolic pathways. Its expression has been observed in several tissues, including the skeletal muscles, liver, and brain. In all these tissues, it is considered to exert a potential net effect on lipogenesis and may inhibit cholesterol synthesis and ketogenesis. It may also modulate insulin secretion and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation with glucose uptake. Several energy deficit states may trigger the release of AMPK, like hypoxia or hypoglycemia. AICAR Research AICAR AND THE HEART AICAR has been researched for its potential two-way protective role in protecting the heart from the ischemia associated with CVD. Inflammation is considered to be a significant contributor to the disease pathology in atherosclerosis and other he ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Semax is known to stimulate neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system, namely Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). It further appears to impact serotonin, dopamine, and enkephalin signaling. Notable Studies: · Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone · The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke · Synthetic ACTH analog Semax displays nootropic‐like activity in humans What is Semax? Semax is a synthetic peptide that was first developed by Russian researchers in the 1980s. It is authorized in Russia and Ukraine for indications including ischemic brain stroke, encephalopathy, optic nerve atrophy, and cognitive disorders such as dementia. Research suggests that Semax may offer potential benefits to patients suffering from a variety of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Semax is ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Selank acts on the central nervous system by influencing the levels and activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which can result in anxiolytic effects, mood improvement, and cognitive enhancement. The peptide also interacts with the immune system by influencing gene expression and modulating cytokine balance. Notable Studies: · Semax and Selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum · Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission · Immunomodulatory effects of Selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders What is Selank? Selank is a synthetic analog of tuftsin, an endogenous tetrapeptide that plays a role in regulating the immune system. Some researchers informally classify Selank as a nootropic—a compound that can enhance cognitive function, improve memory, and increase mental clarity. Selank was developed in the early 1990s at the Russian Academy of Sciences and has primarily been studied ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: GHK-Cu is said to stimulate the synthesis and breakdown of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, as well as modulating the activity of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. It is also believed to stimulate dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and decorin, and acts to attract immune and endothelial cells to sites of injury. Notable Studies: · A synthetic tripeptide which increases survival of normal liver cells, and stimulates growth in hepatoma cells · Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data · GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health What is GHK-Cu? GHK-Cu is a human copper-binding peptide proven to confer a host of benefits related to healing, tissue regeneration, and skin, hair, and nail health. GHK was first discovered in 1973 by the noted peptide researcher Dr. Loren Pickart. He found that aged liver cells, when inoculated with blood from young people, were able to begin regenerating . Eventually, it was discovered t ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: PT-141 is an agonist of the melanocortin receptors, with high affinity for MC4R, the stimulation of which increases sexual desire and causes sexual arousal in both men and women Notable Studies: · PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction · Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study · Bremelanotide: new drug approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder What is PT-141? PT-141, also known as bremelanotide , is an FDA-approved treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women . It is a modified synthetic derivative of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a peptide of the melanocortin family that regulates skin pigmentation, feeding behavior, and sexual activity, among its other functions. Back in the 1960s, researchers found that α-MSH caused caused sexual arousal when administered to rats, which eventually led to the development of α-MSH analogues like PT-141, melanotan ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: While the precise mechanism of action of MOTS-c is currently under investigation, it is hypothesized that its metabolic effects are mediated through its translocation to the nucleus and subsequent activation of AMPK. Notable Studies: · MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction. · The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. · MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders. Metabolites. What is MOTS-c? MOTS-c , is a mitochondrial-derived peptide, consisting of 16 residues encoded by the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome. This means that the genetic information that is translated into the peptide’s amino acid sequence has not been processed into a strip of mRNA. Rather, the peptide is translated from a strand of rRNA whose main role is not to carry genetic information but to help ribosomes work in processing such information. MOTS-cwas discovered in 2015 and has ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Retatrutide is a triple receptor agonist that targets the receptors of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon hormones. By combining the effects of native GIP and GLP-1 with glucagon receptor activation, it exerts a broad appetite-suppressing and metabolic impact. Researchers suggest that this triple mechanism may offer more effective glycemic control and weight loss compared to other incretin-based therapies. Notable Studies: · Is retatrutide (LY3437943), a GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist a step forward in the treatment of diabetes and obesity? · Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA - The Lancet · Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial | New England Journal of Medicine What is Retatrutide? Retatrutide, a synthetic peptide created by Eli Lilly, is also known by its development code LY3437943. This peptide acts as a triple ...
Read More
What Is Compounded Semaglutide? Compounded semaglutide is a form of the diabetes medication semaglutide that is custom-prepared by compounding pharmacies. This service has become especially important due to frequent shortages of GLP-1 medications, including well-known brands like Wegovy®, Ozempic®, and Rybelsus®. Such shortages are often caused by manufacturing delays, rising demand and disruptions in the supply chain, leaving many patients without essential treatment. Compounded semaglutide offers a reliable alternative when these name-brand medications are not available. With state-of-the-art 503A and 503B facilities, Olympia Pharmaceuticals can tailor patient-specific prescriptions and office-use preparations of GLP-1 medications. Our adherence to stringent national and state regulations ensures that healthcare providers and their patients can maintain uninterrupted treatment. What Is Compounded Semaglutide Prescribed For? Semaglutide is primarily prescribed for adults with type 2 diabetes to improve blood glucose control. Additionally, it may be used for weight management in individuals who are either overweight or obese and have at least one weight-relate ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Melanotan II is an agonist of melanocortin receptors 1 and 4 (MC-1R and MC-4R), which respectively regulate melanin production and male erectile function. It is also believed to stimulate MC-3R, which affects appetite and energy levels. Notable Studies: · Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study · Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan 2 · An unhealthy glow? A review of Melanotan use and associated clinical outcomes What is Melanotan 2? Melanotan 2 is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The molecule was first developed in the 1980s by University of Arizona researchers, who were looking to clarify the nature and role of the melanocortin receptors in physiological functions. Namely, the peptide was intended to be used as a sunless tanning agent, but was subsequently found to strongly affect sexual function and appetite . Melanotan 2 ( ...
Read More
Class of Compound Peptide Mechanism of Action Melanotan I is an agonist of melanocortin receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5, binding primarily to melanocortin receptor 1 to trigger melanin production. Notable Studies Increased eumelanin expression and tanning is induced by a superpotent melanotropin [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH in humans Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers A phase II, randomised, open label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosage regimens of subcutaneous bioresorbable afamelanotide implants in patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris What is Melanotan I? Melanotan is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, or α-MSH for short. α-MSH is one of a number of melanocortin peptide hormones in the body. Melanotan is typically injected or administered as an implant and binds to melanocortin receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5. There are two types of melanotan molecules: melanotan I and melanotan II. They have both been linked to increased melanin production and increased tanning of the skin. While there i ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: GHK-Cu is said to stimulate the synthesis and breakdown of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, as well as modulating the activity of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. It is also believed to stimulate dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and decorin, and acts to attract immune and endothelial cells to sites of injury. Notable Studies: A synthetic tripeptide which increases survival of normal liver cells, and stimulates growth in hepatoma cells Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health What is GHK-Cu? GHK-Cu is a human copper-binding peptide proven to confer a host of benefits related to healing, tissue regeneration, and skin, hair, and nail health. GHK was first discovered in 1973 by the noted peptide researcher Dr. Loren Pickart. He found that aged liver cells, when inoculated with blood from young people, were able to begin regenerating [1]. Eventually, it was discovered that GHK was the cause of this spontaneous regeneration. This is also how researchers were able to discover that GH ...
Read More
What is TB-500? TB-500 is a 43 amino acid synthetic analog of thymosin B-4 (TB-4), which occurs naturally in nearly all mammalian cells. TB-500 is known for its effects on actin, cell migration, and wound healing. Animal models and in vitro studies have shown that TB-500 can improve blood vessel growth, accelerate wound healing, reduce inflammation, and promote production of extracellular matrix. The peptide is currently being studied for its ability to reduce oxidative stress in spinal cord injuries, improve recovery after heart attacks, and have a variety of anti-aging effects. TB-500 Mechanism of Action TB-500 is the active domain of TB-4 and primarily acts as an actin-binding protein. Actin is an important component of cellular structure and makes up microfilaments. Microfilaments are responsible for giving cells their shape, protecting the integrity of cell membranes, allowing cells to move/migrate, and certain steps in cell reproduction. Actin is also one of the main components of muscle protein. Without actin, muscles cannot contract. Actin-binding proteins such as TB-4 sequester actin monomers (single units of actin), thereby protecting them from degradation and allowing them to polymerize into microfi ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: BPC-157 is known to stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor, which triggers the formation of blood vessels. Also, it blocks the growth-inhibiting action of 4‐hydroxynonenal. Further, it upregulates multiple growth receptors in the body and stimulates the production of fibroblasts, vital to the synthesis of collagen. Notable Studies: Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system Fistulas healing. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy BPC 157 counteracts QTc prolongation induced by haloperidol, fluphenazine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, sulpiride, and metoclopramide in rats What is BPC-157? BPC-157 refers to Body Protection Compound-157, a naturally occurring peptide found in human stomach juices. Composed of a sequence of 15 amino acids, the peptide can also be found in trace amounts in the gastric fluids of other mammals. The peptide plays a fundamental role in preserving the lining of the GI tract. However, researchers are interested in its application in other areas of the body—particularly in regards to wound healing, neuroprotection, and muscle and tissue growth. M ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Tirzepatide is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, mimicking the effects of endogenous GIP while inducing cAMP synthesis at the GLP-1 receptor. This unique mechanism induces a synergistic effect with enhanced insulin response and glucagonostatic activity, versus GIP or GLP-1 therapy alone. Notable Studies: Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity What is Tirzepatide? Tirzepatide, or LY3298176, is a unimolecular dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist that is under study for its glycemic control and weight loss benefits. Tirzepatide is based on the human GIP hormone and has a length of 39 amino acids. It includes a C20 fatty di-acid moiety that provides extended duration and allows for once-weekly dosing in humans. Following extensive clinical testing, includin ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Fragment 176-191 exhibits lipolytic activity similar to that of growth hormone, without the accompanying hyperglycemia. The sequence does not compete for the HGH receptors and can induce fat metabolism while increasing energy consumption, fat oxidation, and the generation of myoblasts. Notable Studies: Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model What is Fragment 176-191? Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic peptide that corresponds to amino acids 176-191 of natural human growth hormone (HGH). It is one of a number of synthetic C-terminal fragments of hGH that have been studied for in vivo effects in rodents, having been shown to help lower blood sugar without increasing IGF-1 or altering insulin sensitivity, which are effects associated with exogenous hGH therapy . Published ...
Read More
Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: As an analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, tesamorelin binds with the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors of the anterior pituitary gland, thus stimulating the secretion of growth hormone. Notable Studies: · Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy · Tesamorelin: A hope for ART-induced lipodystrophy · Growth hormone–releasing hormone effects on brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging Also Known As: Egrifta, Tesamorelin Acetate, LGW5H38VE3, TH9507, UNII-LGW5H38VE3 Research Applications: · Fat reduction · Peripheral nerve health · Cognitive health Risks: · Injection site pain · FDA approval limited to HIV patients · Prohibited by WADA What Does Tesamorelin Do? Tesamorelin ...
Read More
What is Sermorelin? Sermorelin is a synthetic peptide analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It was developed by EMD Serono, a German company, for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adults. The main function of the peptide is to stimulate the body to produce and release growth hormone (GH). After clinical trials, growth hormone-releasing peptide was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997 under the trade name "Geref" for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adults. In 2008, the FDA stopped approving the drug for commercial reasons unrelated to safety or effectiveness. Growth hormone-releasing peptide can also be used as a diagnostic agent to evaluate whether the pituitary gland in a particular patient is functioning properly and releasing adequate amounts of growth hormone. Other applications of this peptide are currently being studied, including its role in the diagnosis and treatment of hormone deficiencies, including its role in sleep quality, heart health, and even as a new type of brain tumor treatment. Sermorelin Benefits | Clinical Trials Our team conducted a literature review u ...
Read More
Compound Class: Peptide Mechanism of Action: CJC-1295 binds to receptors in the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Notable studies: CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog, stimulates growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion in healthy adults over a long period of time Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, restores growth to normal in GHRH knockout mice Sleep and endocrine changes after intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone in adolescents and older adults Also known as: UNII-62RC32V9N7, 62RC32V9N7 Research applications: Growth hormone deficiency Body composition Sleep quality; anti-aging Risks: Limited human data Lack of FDA approval WADA banned list Chemical structure CJC-1295 structure What is CJC-1295? CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) developed by ConjuChem Technologies in the mid-2000s. Originally designed ...
Read More
Compound Class: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist that triggers and stimulates growth hormone production by mimicking ghrelin. It binds to ghrelin receptors, stimulating growth hormone release, and inhibits somatostatin and suppresses its effects. Notable Studies: · Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue · The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced reductions in bone formation in adult rats · The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats What is ipamorelin? Ipamorelin is a laboratory-made compound known as growth hormone-releasing peptide. It stimulates the body to release growth hormone, which promotes systemic growth of muscle, bone, vascular system, and other cells and body tissues. Ipamorelin is unique among growth hormone-releasing peptides in that, unlike most growth hormone-releasing peptides, it does not activate the body's natural stress response. This gives ipamorelin an advantage over similar compounds. However, researc ...
Read More
